| ## g_dipoles Main Table of Contents | VERSION 4.6 Sat 19 Jan 2013

### Description

`g_dipoles` computes the total dipole plus fluctuations of a simulation system. From this you can compute e.g. the dielectric constant for low-dielectric media. For molecules with a net charge, the net charge is subtracted at center of mass of the molecule.

The file `Mtot.xvg` contains the total dipole moment of a frame, the components as well as the norm of the vector. The file `aver.xvg` contains <|μ|^2> and |<μ>|^2 during the simulation. The file `dipdist.xvg` contains the distribution of dipole moments during the simulation The value of `-mumax` is used as the highest value in the distribution graph.

Furthermore, the dipole autocorrelation function will be computed when option `-corr` is used. The output file name is given with the `-c` option. The correlation functions can be averaged over all molecules (`mol`), plotted per molecule separately (`molsep`) or it can be computed over the total dipole moment of the simulation box (`total`).

Option `-g` produces a plot of the distance dependent Kirkwood G-factor, as well as the average cosine of the angle between the dipoles as a function of the distance. The plot also includes gOO and hOO according to Nymand & Linse, J. Chem. Phys. 112 (2000) pp 6386-6395. In the same plot, we also include the energy per scale computed by taking the inner product of the dipoles divided by the distance to the third power.

EXAMPLES

`g_dipoles -corr mol -P 1 -o dip_sqr -mu 2.273 -mumax 5.0`

This will calculate the autocorrelation function of the molecular dipoles using a first order Legendre polynomial of the angle of the dipole vector and itself a time t later. For this calculation 1001 frames will be used. Further, the dielectric constant will be calculated using an `-epsilonRF` of infinity (default), temperature of 300 K (default) and an average dipole moment of the molecule of 2.273 (SPC). For the distribution function a maximum of 5.0 will be used.

### Files

option | filename | type | description
--- | --- | --- | ---
`-en` | `ener.edr` | Input, Opt. | Energy file
`-f` | `traj.xtc` | Input | Trajectory: xtc trr trj gro g96 pdb cpt
`-s` | `topol.tpr` | Input | Run input file: tpr tpb tpa
`-n` | `index.ndx` | Input, Opt. | Index file
`-o` | `Mtot.xvg` | Output | xvgr/xmgr file
`-eps` | `epsilon.xvg` | Output | xvgr/xmgr file
`-a` | `aver.xvg` | Output | xvgr/xmgr file
`-d` | `dipdist.xvg` | Output | xvgr/xmgr file
`-c` | `dipcorr.xvg` | Output, Opt. | xvgr/xmgr file
`-g` | `gkr.xvg` | Output, Opt. | xvgr/xmgr file
`-adip` | `adip.xvg` | Output, Opt. | xvgr/xmgr file
`-dip3d` | `dip3d.xvg` | Output, Opt. | xvgr/xmgr file
`-cos` | `cosaver.xvg` | Output, Opt. | xvgr/xmgr file
`-cmap` | `cmap.xpm` | Output, Opt. | X PixMap compatible matrix file
`-q` | `quadrupole.xvg` | Output, Opt. | xvgr/xmgr file
`-slab` | `slab.xvg` | Output, Opt. | xvgr/xmgr file

### Other options

option | type | default | description
--- | --- | --- | ---
`-[no]h` | bool | `no` | Print help info and quit
`-[no]version` | bool | `no` | Print version info and quit
`-nice` | int | `19` | Set the nicelevel
`-b` | time | `0` | First frame (ps) to read from trajectory
`-e` | time | `0` | Last frame (ps) to read from trajectory
`-dt` | time | `0` | Only use frame when t MOD dt = first time (ps)
`-[no]w` | bool | `no` | View output `.xvg`, `.xpm`, `.eps` and `.pdb` files
`-xvg` | enum | `xmgrace` | xvg plot formatting: `xmgrace`, `xmgr` or `none`
`-mu` | real | `-1` | dipole of a single molecule (in Debye)
`-mumax` | real | `5` | max dipole in Debye (for histogram)
`-epsilonRF` | real | `0` | ε of the reaction field used during the simulation, needed for dielectric constant calculation. WARNING: 0.0 means infinity (default)
`-skip` | int | `0` | Skip steps in the output (but not in the computations)
`-temp` | real | `300` | Average temperature of the simulation (needed for dielectric constant calculation)
`-corr` | enum | `none` | Correlation function to calculate: `none`, `mol`, `molsep` or `total`
`-[no]pairs` | bool | `yes` | Calculate |cos(θ)| between all pairs of molecules. May be slow
`-ncos` | int | `1` | Must be 1 or 2. Determines whether the is computed between all molecules in one group, or between molecules in two different groups. This turns on the `-g` flag.
`-axis` | string | `Z` | Take the normal on the computational box in direction X, Y or Z.
`-sl` | int | `10` | Divide the box into this number of slices.
`-gkratom` | int | `0` | Use the n-th atom of a molecule (starting from 1) to calculate the distance between molecules rather than the center of charge (when 0) in the calculation of distance dependent Kirkwood factors
`-gkratom2` | int | `0` | Same as previous option in case ncos = 2, i.e. dipole interaction between two groups of molecules
`-rcmax` | real | `0` | Maximum distance to use in the dipole orientation distribution (with ncos == 2). If zero, a criterion based on the box length will be used.
`-[no]phi` | bool | `no` | Plot the 'torsion angle' defined as the rotation of the two dipole vectors around the distance vector between the two molecules in the `.xpm` file from the `-cmap` option. By default the cosine of the angle between the dipoles is plotted.
`-nlevels` | int | `20` | Number of colors in the cmap output
`-ndegrees` | int | `90` | Number of divisions on the y-axis in the cmap output (for 180 degrees)
`-acflen` | int | `-1` | Length of the ACF, default is half the number of frames
`-[no]normalize` | bool | `yes` | Normalize ACF
`-P` | enum | `0` | Order of Legendre polynomial for ACF (0 indicates none): `0`, `1`, `2` or `3`
`-fitfn` | enum | `none` | Fit function: `none`, `exp`, `aexp`, `exp_exp`, `vac`, `exp5`, `exp7`, `exp9` or `erffit`
`-ncskip` | int | `0` | Skip this many points in the output file of correlation functions
`-beginfit` | real | `0` | Time where to begin the exponential fit of the correlation function
`-endfit` | real | `-1` | Time where to end the exponential fit of the correlation function, -1 is until the end

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